Esophageal Cancer Treatments

The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is usually between 10 and 13 inches long. The normal adult esophagus is roughly three fourths of an inch across at its smallest point.

The wall of the esophagus has several layers. Cancer of the esophagus -- also referred to as esophageal cancer -- starts from its inner layer and grows outward. The layer that lines the inside of the esophagus is called the mucosa. The mucosa has 2 parts: the epithelium and the lamina propria. The epithelium forms the lining of the esophagus and is made up of flat, thin cells called squamous cells. The lamina propria is a thin layer of connective tissue right under the epithelium.

The next layer is the sub mucosa. Some parts of the esophagus have mucus-secreting glands in this layer. The layer under the sub mucosa is a thick band of muscle called the muscular is propria. This layer of muscle contracts in a coordinated, rhythmic way to force food along the esophagus from the throat to the stomach. The outermost layer of the esophagus is formed by connective tissue. It is called the adventitia

Below the detail about esophageal cancer:

Types
The main forms of esophageal cancer are:

• Squamous cell carcinoma -- occurs in the squamous cells lining the esophagus
• Adenocarcinoma -- occurs in glandular tissue, most often in the lower part of the esophagus near the stomach. An estimated nine out of 10 malignant stomach tumors are adenocarcinomas.

Although once responsible for the large majority of esophageal cancer cases, squamous cell carcinoma now ranks second to adenocarcinoma, which studies have confirmed is now the predominant type of esophageal tumor in the western hemisphere. The two types of cancer affect various populations differently. Squamous cell carcinoma is more likely among African Americans, while adenocarcinoma is more likely among Caucasians, according to the American Cancer Society

Risk Factors
Perhaps the greatest risk factor for esophageal cancer is long-term smoking and alcohol use, especially when the two habits are combined.
Other risk factors include:

• Barrett's Esophagus -- a condition in which chronic acid reflux causes changes in the cells lining the lower esophagus, increasing the risk of adenocarcinoma
• Achalasia -- a disease in which the esophagus fails to move food into the stomach properly
• Tylosis -- a rare, inherited disorder that causes excess skin to grow on the soles of the feet and palms and has a near 100% chance of developing into esophageal cancer
• Esophageal webs -- flaps of tissue that protrude into the esophagus, making swallowing difficult
• Lye or other caustic substances -- when ingested, such substances can cause scarring that may progress to cancer years later

Symptoms

Symptoms of esophageal cancer may not be evident during its early stages of development, making early diagnosis less likely. Although a cancer diagnosis may be unlikely for individuals suffering the following symptoms, people should consider contacting a doctor when experiencing:

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Pain, pressure or burning in the throat or chest
• Weight loss
• Vomiting
• Hoarseness
• Hiccups
• Chronic cough

Diagnosis

Patients who experience symptoms of esophageal cancer should contact a doctor, who will likely take several steps to determine the cause of the symptoms. These steps may include:

• Consulting with the patient to determine the individual’s medical history
• Taking X-rays of the gastrointestinal tract
• Performing various tests, including endoscopic examination, or esophagoscopy

Esophagoscopy is performed using a thin tube inserted via the mouth to examine the inside of one’s esophagus. The instrument can illuminate the interior of the esophagus and provide images that can be analyzed by doctors. It can also collect cell samples from the stomach for lab analysis.

If a patient is diagnosed with esophageal cancer, doctors next will work to determine whether the cancer has spread using additional methods such as CT scans. Treatment will be largely dependent on the cancer’s stage, or level of involvement.

Treatment

As with any cancer diagnosis, a treatment plan will depend on a variety of factors and will be specific to the individual patient. Doctors rely on medical tests to determine the extent of the cancer and whether it has spread beyond the stomach, a process called staging. By ascertaining the cancer’s current state and considering the myriad factors relating to an individual patient, appropriate treatment can be planned by the doctor and discussed with the patient.

Common treatment options include:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Photodynamic therapy

The most common treatment method, surgery, may involve removal of the cancerous portions of the esophagus and neighboring lymph nodes (esophagectomy) or complete removal of the esophagus and the top portion of the stomach (radical esophagectomy). The second most common treatment is the combination of chemotherapy, which aims to shrink tumors and eliminate cancer cells, and radiation therapy, which targets cancer cells with radiation. Photodynamic therapy, which involves use of laser-activated chemicals to destroy tumors, is also implemented.

Asbestos and cancer : Frequently Ask Question

What is asbestos?

Asbestos is the term used for the fibrous forms of several naturally occurring minerals. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that takes the form of hollow, microscopic fibers which are nearly indestructible. It can be densely packed into a tough, flexible and very useful material, which has been used for hundreds of years as an insulation, fireproofing, and building material.

The three main types of asbestos which have been commercially used are:

• Crocidolite (blue asbestos);
• Amosite (brown asbestos);
• Chrysotile (white asbestos).

Asbestos was, and still is commercially mined in Canada, South Africa and Russia. The other three types of asbestos are Tremolite, Actinolite and Anthophyllite.About 95% of all asbestos used in the U.S. has been chrysotile, the least toxic form of asbestos.

Where is asbestos found?
Asbestos is often a component in the following materials:

• Fireproofing
• Thermal insulation
• Boilers
• Building ventilation systems
• Ceiling tiles
• Vinyl floor tiles
• Dry wall, dry wall tape and plaster
• Texturized paints
• Roofing shingles, felt, tar, flashing
• Decorative building materials
• Sheathing on electronics and power cables
• Automotive brake pads and clutches

Why is it dangerous?

If you inhale asbestos fibres (which are long and thin) they can become lodged in the tissue of your chest and your body’s natural defences may not be able to easily break them down. This can lead to lung diseases (mainly cancers), particularly if you are repeatedly exposed to fibres over a number of years.

It is because fibres can remain in the lungs for so long that small, but repeated, exposures on different jobs over the years can lead to the development of an asbestos-related disease. This is why it is important to prevent or control exposure on every single job.All three main types are dangerous, but blue and brown asbestos are known to be more dangerous than white. The different types cannot usually be identified by their colour alone. The body naturally gets rid of any asbestos fibres taken in with food and water. Asbestos fibres cannot be absorbed through the skin.

What factors affect the risk of developing an asbestos-related disease?
Several factors can help to determine how asbestos exposure affects an individual.

• Dose (how much asbestos an individual was exposed to).
• Duration (how long an individual was exposed).
• Size, shape, and chemical makeup of asbestos fibers.
• Source of exposure.
• Individual risk factors, such as smoking and pre-existing lung disease.

Although all forms of asbestos are considered hazardous, different types of asbestos fibers may be associated with different health risks. For example, results of several studies suggest that amphibole forms of asbestos may be more harmful than chrysotile, particularly for mesothelioma risk, because they tend to stay in the lungs for a longer period of time . All common commercial types of asbestos have been associated with lung cancer .

When is asbestos a potential health hazard?

Asbestos that is "friable" may be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder in your hand when dry. Friable asbestos has the potential to release asbestos fibers that can become airborne, and potentially create a health hazard. Asbestos that is bonded, coated, painted, covered, or otherwise protected so that it doesn't release airborne fibers does not present a health hazard.

What can you do to limit your exposure to asbestos?

Most buildings, especially older ones, contain some amount of asbestos. But remember, asbestos is only a potential hazard if it is damaged and friable, releasing fibers into the air we breathe. If you come across something that appears to be friable asbestos, such as damaged insulation on a pipe, assume that it is asbestos, and notify your supervisor. Do not damage or disturb the area. A sample of the material will be taken and analyzed. If it is determined to be asbestos, it will either be removed or repaired so that it is protected and no longer releasing fibers.

If your job involves stripping or buffing floors that could be vinyl asbestos tile, this should be done infrequently, using a wet method. A soft, non-abrasive pad should be used, and the machine should be run at low speed (below 300 rpm). Do not burnish or dry-buff flooring unless it has sufficient finish so that the pad can't contact the bare floor.